First Sixty-Nine Weeks
SYNOPSIS - The first sixty-nine “weeks” lay the groundwork for the tumultuous events of the final or “70th week” – Daniel 9:25.
Next, the interpreting angel described the
first sixty-nine “weeks” of the “seventy weeks” prophecy,
although only briefly. As he declared at the start, “seventy weeks are divided
upon your people and upon your holy city.” After presenting the redemption
that would be realized at the end of the prophecy, the angel described its
three subdivisions of “seven weeks,” “sixty-two weeks,” and “one
week,” presumably, consecutive periods of 49, 434, and 7 years.
- (Daniel 9:25) - “Know, then, and understand; from the going forth of the word to return and to build Jerusalem until an anointed one, the Prince, will be seven weeks, and sixty-two weeks the broad place and the ditch will again be built, even in troublesome times.”
Why three divisions? The
framework for this structure is based on the interpretation of the “little
horn” in chapter 7:
- “The horn will think to change times and law, and they will be given into his hand until a time, times, and part of a time” - (Daniel 7:25).
The threefold division of the “seventy
weeks” corresponds to the three divisions of time attributed to the “little
horn” - “Time” (“seven weeks”), “times”
(“sixty-two weeks”), and “part of a time” (“one week”).
This is one of several verbal and conceptual links between the “seventy
weeks” prophecy and Daniel’s vision of the “fourth beast” with the “little
horn.”
At the end of the first subdivision of “seven
weeks,” an “anointed one, a leader” appears. Precisely who and what this figure
is, remains unclear, at least at this point in the prophecy. No further information about his
identity or activities is provided. The start of the “seventy weeks” is the
“word to return and to build Jerusalem,” a reference to the prophecy of
Jeremiah that Daniel was contemplating at the start of chapter 9 – (Jeremiah
25:1-14, Daniel 9:1-2).
The “anointed one” appears only after
the first “seven weeks,” presumably, at the end of the first 49 years. The syntax of the Hebrew clause makes this clear. It reads
- “From the going forth of word to return…until
an anointed one, a leader – seven weeks.” The Hebrew preposition rendered “from”
is prefixed to the term translated “going forth”; likewise, the preposition for “until”
is prefixed to the noun “anointed.” Neither preposition can be applied
to any other part of the sentence except to the word to which it is prefixed. Translations
that move the “anointed one” to the end of the second segment of “sixty-two
weeks” violate the syntax of the Hebrew sentence.
In the Hebrew clause, there is no “the”
or definite article with the noun for “anointed one.” In Daniel’s time, “messiah”
was not used in an absolute sense for the future king who would sit on the
throne of David. Both kings and high
priests were labeled “anointed ones.” Without further evidence from the passage, it
is precarious to assume this refers to THE Messiah - (Leviticus 4:3-5, 6:22, 1
Samuel 12:3, Psalm 18:50).
The Hebrew term rendered “leader”
- nagid - is rather generic and refers to one who leads, a
“ruler, captain, leader.” Most often in the Hebrew Bible, it is applied to military
and civil leaders - (1 Samuel 9:16, 1 Chronicles 9:20, Nehemiah 11:11,
Jeremiah 20:1).
Whoever this figure is, he cannot be identical
with the “anointed one” found in the final or “seventieth week”
of the prophecy – The two figures are separated by several centuries; that is,
assuming each “week” represents a period of seven years. Whether he can be
identified from history depends on the “start date” the interpreter selects for the “seventy weeks” - (Daniel 9:26-27).
Theories that move the “anointed one”
to the end of the second segment of sixty-two “weeks” violate the syntax
of the Hebrew sentence. If the seventy “weeks” began hundreds of years
before his birth, then this “anointed one” cannot be Jesus. Whoever he
was, according to Daniel, he appeared at the end of the first segment of “seven
sevens,” however long that period was.
The second subdivision consists of “sixty-two
weeks,” presumably, a total of 434 years (7 x 62). During this period, Jerusalem
was “built again, with street and moat, even in troublesome times.” The rebuilding
process began with the arrival of the first exiles around 538 B.C., but this was
a gradual process that continued sporadically for decades, and it took several
centuries before the city began to resemble its former state of splendor - (Ezra 4:1-5).
The “broad place” refers to a
central square or plaza typical of ancient near eastern cities, not to a specific
street name. Typically, the central square was the place where the marketplace was located.
Most likely in view, was the wide space located before the gate of the
temple - (Ezra 10:9, Nehemiah 8:16).
The word rendered “ditch” occurs
only here in the Hebrew Bible. Some English versions render it “moat.” However,
Jerusalem did not have moats. The noun is derived from a verbal root with the
sense of “cut, sharpen, mutilate” (haruts), and abstractly, “to decide,
determine, judge.” The verbal form is the same word rendered “determined”
in verses 26-27.
The word translated “ditch” does NOT
mean “wall”; it is not a reference to the city walls. Possibly, it referred to defensive
trenches that were dug below the walls of the city. More likely in this
context, it referred to the narrower streets of the city. Thus, “broad place”
and “ditch” provide a contrast between the wide and narrow spaces
of the city. Used together, they picture a rebuilt and economically functioning
city.
“Troublesome” translates
a noun with a literal sense of “pressure, distress, constraint” - (tsoq
- Proverbs 1:27, Isaiah 30:6, Isaiah 8:22). In the context of the book
of Daniel, it may refer to the “time of trouble, such as never
was since there was a nation.” Regardless, the books of Ezra and Nehemiah
attest to the struggles Judea experienced while rebuilding the city over a
great many years – (Daniel 12:1-4).
Again, the passage provides minimal
information about the first sixty-nine “weeks” of the prophetic period. The
focus of the interpretation provided by the angel is on the final or “seventieth
week.” The events of the first two subdivisions are preparatory for the pivotal
events of the final “week.” Additionally, the first sixty-nine “weeks” provide
chronological and historical contexts for the “seventieth week.”
A relevant question is whether the first two subdivisions
run consecutively or concurrently - Do both begin with the “word to restore
and rebuild Jerusalem,” or does the second subdivision commence when the first
one ends? At this point, this remains unclear.
